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U.S. Tariff Policies: A Historical Perspective

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Paris (Imran Y. CHOUDHRY) :- Former Press Secretary to the President, Former Press Minister to the Embassy of Pakistan to France, Former MD, SRBC Mr. Qamar Bashir analysis : Since its inception, the United States has oscillated between protectionist tariffs and free trade policies, shaping its economic and industrial landscape. Initially, tariffs were a primary revenue source for the federal government and a tool to protect fledgling industries from foreign competition. Over time, shifting economic priorities, political ideologies, and evolving global trade relations influenced U.S. tariff policies, each shift bringing both advantages and drawbacks. Protectionist tariffs have historically strengthened domestic industries but also led to trade disputes and higher consumer costs, while free trade policies have fostered global economic integration but often resulted in job losses in vulnerable sectors.
In the late 18th and 19th centuries, the U.S. relied on high tariffs to shield its developing industries from European competitors. The Tariff of 1816 and the Tariff of Abominations (1828) promoted Northern manufacturing by making foreign imports more expensive. However, these same policies harmed Southern agricultural exporters, who relied on overseas markets for cotton and tobacco sales. The Morrill Tariff (1861), introduced during the Civil War, reinforced protectionism, helping Northern industries but exacerbating regional tensions.
During this period, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany were America’s key trading partners. The UK, dependent on U.S. cotton for its textile industry, suffered the most from these tariffs. European manufacturers faced steep restrictions on their goods entering the U.S. market, leading to retaliatory tariffs that restricted American agricultural exports. This resulted in economic polarization, with industrialists in the North benefitting from tariff protections while Southern farmers and exporters suffered from declining international demand. Industries such as steel (Carnegie Steel), railroads (Union Pacific, Central Pacific), and manufacturing (Singer Sewing Machines, Colt Firearms, McCormick Harvesting Machines) thrived under these protectionist policies. However, Southern agriculture and the shipping industry struggled due to the loss of foreign markets. While tariffs fostered domestic industrial growth, they also deepened economic disparities and intensified sectional tensions that contributed to the Civil War.
The early 20th century saw fluctuations between free trade and protectionism, reflecting changing economic conditions. The Underwood Tariff (1913) under President Woodrow Wilson lowered tariffs significantly, improving trade relations with the UK, Germany, and France but reducing government revenue. However, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) reversed this trend, reinstating protectionist measures to support U.S. industries like steel, chemicals, and automobiles. While these tariffs strengthened domestic production, they provoked retaliatory tariffs from European nations, limiting U.S. exports and creating economic inefficiencies.
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) under President Herbert Hoover significantly worsened the Great Depression by imposing some of the highest tariffs in U.S. history. This move triggered retaliatory measures from America’s key trading partners, collapsing global trade and accelerating the economic downturn. The U.S. economy shrank as agricultural and industrial exports plummeted, exacerbating the financial struggles of businesses and workers.
In response to the failures of extreme protectionism, the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934) under Franklin D. Roosevelt marked a decisive shift toward free trade. This act allowed the U.S. government to negotiate mutual tariff reductions with other countries, laying the groundwork for global economic cooperation. After World War II, this approach culminated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947), promoting trade liberalization worldwide. Industries such as automobiles (Ford, General Motors), consumer goods (General Electric, RCA), and aircraft manufacturing (Boeing, Lockheed Martin) flourished due to expanding export markets and international cooperation. However, textiles and small-scale manufacturing struggled to compete with lower-cost imports, leading to job losses in some traditional American industries.
The impact on GDP was significant. While protectionist policies like Smoot-Hawley led to economic contraction, the shift toward free trade agreements fueled post-war prosperity, with U.S. GDP growing at an annual rate of 4%–5% in the 1950s and 1960s. However, as globalization accelerated, certain domestic industries faced intense foreign competition, leading to deindustrialization in some sectors.
The 21st century initially embraced globalization and free trade, with agreements like NAFTA (1994) and China’s WTO entry (2001) under Presidents Clinton and Bush expanding trade with Canada, Mexico, China, and the European Union. These agreements led to a surge in U.S. exports, particularly in technology (Apple, Intel, Microsoft), aerospace (Boeing), and agriculture (soybeans, corn, wheat). However, they also contributed to manufacturing job losses, as companies moved production to countries with lower labor costs. Domestic steel, textiles, and small manufacturing industries suffered as cheaper imports flooded the U.S. market, fueling political and economic discontent.
Under President Trump (2017–2021), the U.S. imposed tariffs on Chinese imports, steel, aluminum, and European goods, triggering a trade war aimed at protecting domestic industries. While these tariffs boosted U.S. steel and semiconductor production, they also raised costs for businesses dependent on foreign materials, such as automotive (General Motors, Ford), construction, and consumer electronics (Apple, Dell, HP). China retaliated with tariffs on American agricultural products, significantly impacting soybean and pork producers. The Biden administration (2021–2025) maintained most of these tariffs while focusing on domestic supply chains, semiconductor manufacturing (Intel, TSMC in Arizona), and renewable energy, benefiting defense and steel industries while hurting retail and agriculture due to higher import costs.
The impact on GDP was mixed. While globalization drove U.S. economic growth in the 1990s and early 2000s, with GDP expanding at 2%–3% annually, the U.S.-China trade war under Trump slowed investment and disrupted supply chains, causing GDP growth to drop to around 2% in 2019. Under Biden, continued tariffs contributed to inflation but also encouraged domestic industrial investment in semiconductors and clean energy.
In recent weeks, global stock markets have suffered sharp declines, largely due to escalating trade tensions and the impact of new tariffs. Major indices like the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500 have experienced substantial losses, reflecting investor fears of an economic slowdown and the potential onset of a global recession. The energy sector has been particularly affected, with natural gas prices rising due to geopolitical instability and increased demand, leading to higher operational costs for industries reliant on energy.
However, there is potential for market recovery if specific conditions are met. A reduction in energy prices could lower production costs for businesses, improving corporate earnings and boosting investor confidence. Additionally, if protectionist trade policies successfully revitalize domestic manufacturing, the economy could see long-term benefits, reducing reliance on foreign imports and strengthening key industries. This could help stabilize financial markets and support economic growth.
While the short-term outlook remains uncertain, strategic policy adjustments—such as lowering energy prices, improving supply chain efficiency, and negotiating trade agreements that balance protectionism with economic openness—could pave the way for a more stable and prosperous market environment. If domestic industries adapt successfully, the U.S. economy may regain momentum, mitigating the negative effects of tariffs and restoring confidence in global markets.

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Gulf Wealth, U.S. Power, and the Middle East Reset

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Paris (Imran Y. CHOUDHRY) :- Former Press Secretary to the President, Former Press Minister to the Embassy of Pakistan to France, Former MD, SRBC Mr. Qamar Bashir analysis : In a world no longer solely defined by military alliances or ideological blocs, power is increasingly shaped by capital, technology, and human development. President Donald Trump’s decision to begin his second term with a summit in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations is a telling recognition of this shift. It affirms the Gulf’s rise not only as a regional powerhouse but as a global actor actively reshaping diplomacy, development, and security.
At the epicenter of this transformation stands Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS), whose strategic clarity and economic foresight have positioned Saudi Arabia and its allies at the vanguard of a multipolar world. The summit, hosted in Riyadh, was more than ceremonial—it was a moment of recalibration for the global order.
What distinguishes the modern GCC is not just its wealth, but the vision to wield it with purpose. With sovereign funds reaching into the trillions, Gulf nations are redirecting capital from passive holdings to strategic investments—funding artificial intelligence, quantum computing, energy transitions, and educational partnerships with elite American institutions.
This is a new form of diplomacy: one where influence is purchased not through arms but by acquiring intellectual property, embedding talent in global research, and co-creating innovation ecosystems. Gulf money is no longer idle—it is building future influence.
President Trump, recognizing this shift, lauded the Gulf’s transformation as “the envy of the world,” citing over $1 trillion in projected investments and over $110 billion in bilateral trade in 2024 alone. But beyond the numbers was a message: Gulf leadership is not following the West—it is co-authoring the future with it.
The summit focused heavily on regional stabilization. In one of the most consequential announcements, Trump declared the complete lifting of U.S. sanctions on Syria, signaling a dramatic shift in American policy. He credited Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Turkish President Erdogan for facilitating the move—an act designed to provide Syria with a “fresh start” and reintegrate it into the Arab fold after years of civil war and isolation.
This development was not a concession—it was a calculated diplomatic trade-off. In return for massive Gulf investment into American infrastructure, defense contracts, and educational programs, the U.S. acknowledged the Gulf’s new authority to shape the political future of the region.
Addressing the Gaza tragedy, MBS underscored that a sustainable peace lies in a just resolution of the Palestinian issue through the establishment of an independent Palestinian state, in line with United Nations resolutions and the Arab Peace Initiative. He categorically rejected any plan to displace or resettle Palestinians in foreign territories, reaffirming their right to homeland and sovereignty.
In this broader context, the Gulf nations’ alignment with the United States reflects not just shared economic interests, but a mutual strategic goal of containing Iranian influence, stabilizing regional politics, and eliminating armed proxies that thrive on chaos.
One of the most overlooked, yet powerful, elements of the U.S.-GCC partnership is the massive investment in human capital. Tens of thousands of students from the Gulf are studying in top American universities, training in advanced fields like robotics, aerospace engineering, nanotechnology, and cybersecurity. These students are not merely recipients of Western knowledge—they are future architects of a Middle East prepared to lead.
MBS has paired this educational strategy with significant incentives for American universities to expand in Saudi Arabia and across the GCC. These joint campuses are fast becoming incubators for innovation, preparing the region to compete not only economically but intellectually in the coming decades.
The Gulf states are no longer content to influence global policy from the sidelines. By investing in American industries, real estate, and financial markets, they are embedding themselves deeply into the U.S. economic architecture. But what’s more strategic is their targeted investment in intellectual property and cutting-edge technology.
This ensures that as America innovates, the Gulf is not just a client but a partner—and in many cases, a co-owner. This strategic stakeholding, wisely replacing dormant assets and offshore accounts, reflects a new doctrine: soft power through smart capital.
Trump also unveiled a fresh diplomatic offensive aimed at liberating Lebanon from Hezbollah’s shadow. A new U.S. ambassador—a Lebanese-American with deep regional roots—has been appointed to lead this mission, backed by economic assistance and civil society outreach. It’s a move meant to offer the Lebanese people an alternative path forward—free from sectarian domination and foreign interference.
This summit may well be remembered as the moment when the Gulf ceased to be a regional player and assumed its role as a global co-author of peace, stability, and progress. With sanctions lifted on Syria, and the Palestinians firmly defended through diplomatic backing, the message is clear: the future will be written by those who blend capital, conviction, and clarity of purpose.
The partnership between President Trump and the Gulf leaders—particularly Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman—is not about fleeting gestures or transactional politics. It is about long-term architecture—of peace, of prosperity, and of power sharing.
As the tectonic plates of global influence continue to shift, one thing is certain: the Gulf has arrived—not merely through the power of petro dollars, but by the sheer force of merit, strategic foresight, and visionary leadership. The prosperity of the GCC is no longer defined by passive wealth accumulation, but by the intelligent reassignment of resources—where idle capital is transformed into active investment across continents.
They are acquiring foreign assets, attracting global minds, and integrating world-class expertise to exponentially grow their economic footprint. Recognizing that true and lasting prosperity lies in empowering their own people, GCC nations are investing billions to build human capital—sending their youth to top global institutions, creating ecosystems of entrepreneurship, and opening channels of trade and innovation.
By aligning emerging technologies with national ambitions and training their citizens to lead in these domains, the Gulf states are not only securing their place at the forefront of global progress but are reshaping the narrative of power, productivity, and purposeful development for the 21st century.

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Trump Accepts Bribe of a Flying Palace from Qatar

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Paris (Imran Y. CHOUDHRY) :- Former Press Secretary to the President, Former Press Minister to the Embassy of Pakistan to France, Former MD, SRBC Mr. Qamar Bashir analysis : In what may go down in history as a precedent-setting case of state-level bribery and constitutional evasion, President Donald Trump has accepted what is being described as a “gift” from the Amir of Qatar—a lavishly outfitted Boeing 747-8 jumbo jet reportedly valued at $400 million. Far from a mere logistical update to the aging Air Force One, this so-called donation is raising alarms about ethics, sovereignty, and national dignity both at home and abroad.
Trump’s social media declaration—filled with his characteristic bluster, capital letters, and partisan jabs—painted the aircraft as a patriotic solution: saving taxpayer money while upgrading America’s presidential fleet. But behind the branding lies an ethical dilemma that cuts to the core of public office: is the President of the United States compromising the integrity of the office by accepting such an extravagant gift from a foreign government?
The Boeing 747-8i being offered by Qatar is no ordinary aircraft. Originally manufactured in Washington state and flown under Qatar Amiri Flight—the division of Qatar Airways that serves royalty and high-level officials—the plane features amenities more fitting for royalty than for the head of a constitutional republic. According to an aircraft specification summary posted online by Swiss firm AMAC Aerospace, the jet includes three full-size lounges, two bedrooms including a master suite with a couch and media center, nine bathrooms, five fully equipped galleys, and a private office furnished with a conference table, bookshelves, a monitor, and an en suite bathroom.
The jet’s art-deco-inspired interior features L-shaped sofas, recliners, club seating, wood paneling, built-in shelving, and large-screen televisions—some as large as 55 inches. It can carry up to 89 passengers and 14 crew members, and reportedly took AMAC Aerospace two years to complete the custom fittings, creating what has been described as a “palace in the sky.” Ironically, what appears to be missing is Trump’s signature decorative flourish—gold embellishments—though few doubt such features could be added swiftly.
Beyond the opulence lies a deeper constitutional issue. The U.S. Constitution’s Emoluments Clause strictly prohibits any sitting president from accepting “any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever” from a foreign state without the express consent of Congress.
Trump’s team is reportedly sidestepping this clause by having the aircraft first transferred to the U.S. Air Force for official use and later to the Trump Presidential Library Foundation, potentially before his term ends. While this maneuver might pass narrow legal scrutiny, it clearly violates the spirit of constitutional safeguards and fuels long-standing accusations that Trump blurs the line between personal enrichment and public service.
Central to this controversy is the question of conflict of interest—a situation in which a public official’s private interests might interfere with their obligations to serve the public good. As an ethical and legal principle, it is a standard used across democratic systems to safeguard transparency and impartiality. By accepting a $400 million aircraft from Qatar, a nation with clear strategic interests in U.S. military and foreign policy, Trump risks compromising his ability to act in America’s interest.
Would he be able to negotiate with Qatar as an impartial leader? Would he challenge their positions on defense, energy, or regional security if doing so might sour the goodwill symbolized by this flying monument to privilege? These are not hypothetical concerns—they are urgent ethical questions with serious implications.
Even if the aircraft is used only temporarily, the symbolism is damaging. No sovereign nation that values its independence would accept such an extravagant offering from a foreign power without fear of becoming beholden. Trump’s acceptance without hesitation—and worse, with pride—signals not strength, but weakness. It suggests that national integrity is up for negotiation, and that symbols of prestige take precedence over principles of independence and self-respect.
Adding insult to injury, the affair exposes another uncomfortable truth: the apparent decline of U.S. infrastructure and procurement readiness. For a country that spends nearly $900 billion a year on defense, leads NATO, and commands military presence across the globe, the notion that it must rely on a foreign monarchy for its presidential aircraft is a stunning indictment of mismanaged priorities. The delay of Trump’s own $3.9 billion deal with Boeing for two new Air Force One jets—initially expected by 2024 and now pushed several years into the future—reflects systemic inefficiencies, but it does not justify compromising institutional integrity for convenience.
Trump has long portrayed himself as a disruptor, someone unafraid to break with tradition and defy political correctness. But leadership requires more than provocation; it demands judgment, discipline, and loyalty to public service above personal image. Accepting a gift of this magnitude from a foreign monarchy is not bold leadership—it is a surrender of ethical clarity. Even if the aircraft is ultimately transferred to his presidential library, the gesture does not erase the perception that the office of the presidency has been leveraged for personal benefit.
Symbols matter. In diplomacy and governance, optics often shape narratives. Accepting a “palace in the sky” from a foreign ruler sends a dangerous message to the world—that America’s highest office can be influenced through prestige and indulgence, rather than earned trust and principled negotiation. It undermines the moral authority of the presidency and sets a precedent that could normalize similar breaches in the future.
Ultimately, history will judge whether this episode is remembered as a symbol of Trump’s disregard for convention or as a warning sign of a broader erosion of ethical standards in American governance. What is undeniable is that the aircraft, no matter how luxurious, casts a long shadow over the principles of impartiality and transparency. The plane may elevate Trump’s image to cruising altitude, but it drags down the dignity and constitutional integrity of the republic he claims to serve.

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Trump’s 100-Day Failures

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Paris (Imran Y. CHOUDHRY) :- Former Press Secretary to the President, Former Press Minister to the Embassy of Pakistan to France, Former MD, SRBC Mr. Qamar Bashir analysis : On the 100th day of his second term, President Donald J. Trump delivered a defiant and self-congratulatory Oval Office interview. Yet beneath the polished setting and forceful rhetoric, the exchange revealed glaring contradictions, unfulfilled promises, and deepening public unease. Trump, ever the political showman, projected strength—but his words betrayed a leadership style increasingly detached from facts, norms, and national priorities.
President Trump claimed that under his leadership, the U.S. economy was “booming,” citing Apple’s $500 million investment and $7 to $8 trillion in foreign investments within just two months. However, these boasts lacked corroboration and overlooked the damage caused by his aggressive tariff policies. Trump touted a 145% tariff on Chinese goods, likening it to an “embargo,” and insisted that “China will eat the tariffs.” But analysts disagree. Moody’s and multiple economic think tanks estimate that these tariffs could cost American households thousands annually.
Instead of lowering inflation as promised, Trump’s protectionist measures have worsened supply chain costs and raised prices for consumer goods like clothing, electronics, and housing materials. Yet Trump dis missed these concerns, saying, “Everything’s going to be just fine,” and shifted blame entirely to his predecessor, Joe Biden. His assurance that “people did sign up for this” rings hollow as working-class families and small businesses bear the brunt of his economic experiments.
Trump boasted of dramatic price reductions—like eggs being “down 87%” and gas prices hitting “$1.98”—without citing sources. These figures appear to be cherry-picked or unverified. Economists argue that his tariffs and abrupt economic policies have contributed more to instability than recovery. His promise to “bring prices down on day one” remains largely unmet, and when challenged with facts, Trump brushed them aside with: “You don’t know that.”
Trump’s trade war rhetoric ignored the plight of small businesses that rely on affordable imports. These businesses, once thriving on a global supply model, now face extinction due to rising costs. When pressed about their concerns, Trump doubled down: “I could’ve had an easy time, but then the country would have imploded.”
Despite his claim that the trade deficit has shrunk rapidly, he offered no supporting data. Nor did he acknowledge how tariffs have disrupted long-term commercial planning and manufacturing. His handling of the economy continues to prioritize short-term populist applause over sustainable economic strategy.
On immigration, Trump claimed illegal crossings had “plummeted 99.9%.” He painted a picture of a country overrun by criminals, asserting that 21 million undocumented people had entered the U.S. Again, no data was provided to support this number.
When asked if deportees were given legal hearings, Trump vacillated. He questioned the feasibility of 21 million hearings, brushing aside due process rights guaranteed under U.S. law. His administration even deported Kilmar Brego Garcia—a Salvadoran man under legal protection—prompting a Supreme Court ruling to return him. Trump dismissed the judgment as a mistake by an “incompetent” judge and refused to commit to complying with the order.
He further defended mass deportations to El Salvador despite many deportees lacking criminal records. When reminded of Joe Rogan’s criticism—that the U.S. risks becoming monstrous while fighting monsters—Trump nodded but quickly returned to his narrative of criminal invasions. Due process, to him, seems secondary to political theater.
Trump referred to the war in Ukraine as “Biden’s war,” repeatedly claiming that it would never have happened under his watch. He described a symbolic meeting with President Zelensky at Saint Peter’s Basilica, suggesting it offered hope. Yet in the same breath, he speculated that Putin “might be tapping me along,” contradicting his earlier assertion that Putin wanted peace.
He refused to confirm whether the U.S. would continue military aid to Ukraine, calling it “a big fat secret.” This ambiguity risks U.S. credibility and complicates alliance diplomacy. Asked whether he trusts Putin, Trump deflected: “I don’t trust a lot of people. I don’t trust you.” His praise of Putin’s respect for him raises further doubts about Trump’s geopolitical judgment.
Trump was also asked about Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, who was under scrutiny for discussing classified operations on Signal. Trump described him as “smart” and “highly educated,” but when asked if he had full confidence in him, replied, “I don’t have 100% confidence in anything.” This hedging adds to growing concerns about the competence and cohesion of Trump’s second-term cabinet.
He continued to defend DOGE (Department of Government Efficiency), which has cut billions in what Trump calls wasteful spending. Yet these cuts affected critical institutions such as the NIH, global health programs, and foreign aid. Trump celebrated saving $150 billion but ignored the humanitarian and research setbacks. He even admitted that some programs might be reinstated due to oversight.
One of the most troubling aspects of Trump’s first 100 days is his use of presidential power for apparent personal retribution. He revoked security clearances and targeted law firms that represented his political opponents. He openly admitted that these firms “paid hundreds of millions” to avoid his wrath and declared, “They just signed whatever I put in front of them.”
When asked whether this behavior resembled authoritarianism, Trump deflected by framing himself as the victim. “There has never been a president persecuted like I was,” he insisted. He justified his actions by portraying others as “crooked” and “dishonest,” refusing to recognize any overreach on his part.
Trump’s offhand remarks about Canada becoming the 51st U.S. state during a Canadian election stirred backlash. When asked if this harmed America’s global reputation, he countered, “We’re respected again.” He mocked President Biden’s physical stumbles and doubled down on claims of a stolen 2020 election, further eroding faith in democratic norms.
He dismissed concerns about growing executive power, saying, “I’m making America great again,” and suggested that his return was a national resurgence. Yet this self-narrative—built on grievance, inflated claims, and unchecked power—has done little to heal the institutional and civic wounds of the last four years.
Trump’s 100-day report card is less a record of accomplishment and more a litany of distortions, deflections, and power plays. His reliance on anecdotal victories, exaggerated claims, and loyalty tests reflect an administration prioritizing optics over outcomes. While Trump insists he’s fixing what was broken, his approach is breaking the very mechanisms of law, diplomacy, and accountability that sustain democratic governance.
Rather than restoring greatness, Trump’s early second-term agenda has exposed the fragility of the nation’s institutions under his grip. His promises remain largely unfulfilled, his economic strategies deeply polarizing, and his leadership style increasingly authoritarian. For a nation yearning for progress, these 100 days have offered little more than déjà vu laced with danger.

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