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Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it

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Nuclear-armed neighbours India and Pakistan have fought two wars and a limited conflict over Kashmir. But why do they dispute the territory – and how did it start?

How old is this fight?

Kashmir is an ethnically diverse Himalayan region, covering around 86,000 sq miles ( 222,738 sq km), and famed for the beauty of its lakes, meadows and snow-capped mountains.

Even before India and Pakistan won their independence from Britain in August 1947, the area was hotly contested.

Under the partition plan provided by the Indian Independence Act, Kashmir was free to accede to either India or Pakistan.

The maharaja (local ruler), Hari Singh, initially wanted Kashmir to become independent – but in October 1947 chose to join India, in return for its help against an invasion of tribesmen from Pakistan.

A war erupted and India approached the United Nations asking it to intervene. The UN recommended holding a referendum to settle the question of whether the state should join India or Pakistan. However the two countries could not agree to a deal to demilitarise the region before the referendum could be held.

In July 1949, India and Pakistan signed an agreement to establish a ceasefire line as recommended by the UN and the region became divided.

Kashmiri men walk by a river near the Line of Control, the de facto border between Pakistan and India
Image caption,Kashmir is known by some as India’s Switzerland, due to its verdant fields and sweeping mountainscapes

A second war followed in 1965. Then in 1999, India fought a brief but bitter conflict with Pakistani-backed forces.

By that time, both India and Pakistan had declared themselves to be nuclear powers.

Today, Delhi and Islamabad both claim Kashmir in full, but control only parts of it – territories recognised internationally as “Indian-administered Kashmir” and “Pakistan-administered Kashmir”.

Why is Indian-administered Kashmir so unstable?

Within Kashmir, opinions about the territory’s rightful allegiance are diverse and strongly held. Many do not want it to be governed by India, preferring either independence or union with Pakistan instead.

Religion is one factor: Jammu and Kashmir is more than 60% Muslim, making it the only state within India where Muslims are in the majority.

An armed revolt has been waged against Indian rule in the region for three decades, claiming tens of thousands of lives.

India blames Pakistan for stirring the unrest by backing separatist militants in Kashmir – a charge its neighbour denies.

A sudden change to Kashmir’s status on the Indian side in 2019 exacerbated the situation.

Indian-administered Kashmir had held a special position within the country historically, thanks to Article 370 – a clause in the constitution which gave it significant autonomy, including its own constitution, a separate flag, and independence over all matters except foreign affairs, defence and communications.

On 5 August 2019, India revoked that arrangement – as the governing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) of Prime Minister Narendra Modi had promised in its election manifesto.

After months of tension following the Indian move – during which thousands were jailed or put under house arrest – violence in the region declined. Indian officials pointed to improved infrastructure, tourism, and investment as signs of greater stability.

But arrests continued, and critics argued that that calm had come at the cost of civil liberties and political freedoms.

How serious is the latest escalation?

The deaths of more than 40 Indian soldiers in a suicide attack on 14 February 2019 – the deadliest targeting Indian soldiers in Kashmir since the insurgency began three decades ago – led to a major flare-up.

India launched air strikes in Pakistani territory – the first such action since 1971 – sparking retaliatory raids and an aerial dogfight.

The 2019 events ended any hope of a thaw in the immediate future.

However, relative calm followed until 27 April 2025, when militants attacked tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 26 civilians.

Delhi moved quickly with retaliatory measures – closing the main border crossing, suspending a key water-sharing treaty, expelling diplomats, and halting most visas for Pakistani nationals – who were given days to leave.

Delhi also barred all Pakistani aircraft – commercial and military – from its airspace, mirroring Islamabad’s earlier move.

Pakistan retaliated with its own visa suspensions and suspended a 1972 peace treaty with India.

Troops on both sides exchanged intermittent small-arms fire across the border.

Then on 7 May 2025, India hit a number of sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.

The threshold for escalation has shifted dramatically since 2019. Cross-border and aerial strikes by India have become the new norm, provoking retaliation from Pakistan. This has further intensified an already volatile situation.

Kashmir remains one of the most militarised zones in the world.

The US and the international community have been calling on both India and Pakistan to de-escalate tensions, but it is unclear whether these calls will be heeded.

Weren’t there high hopes for peace in the new century?

India and Pakistan did indeed agree a ceasefire in 2003 after years of bloodshed along the de facto border (also known as the Line of Control).

Pakistan later promised to stop funding insurgents in the territory, while India offered them an amnesty if they renounced militancy.

In 2014, Modi came to power promising a tough line on Pakistan, but also showed interest in holding peace talks.

Nawaz Sharif, then prime minister of Pakistan, attended Modi’s swearing-in ceremony in Delhi.

Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif shakes hands with Prime Minister Narendra Modi after the swearing-in ceremony of the NDA government in New Delhi on Tuesday, May 27, 1014
Image caption,Pakistan and India’s prime ministers promised peace in 2014

But the apparent thaw did not turn to peace.

Taken From BBC News

https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286

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In fiery presser, ISPR DG terms Imran Khan ‘mentally ill, national security threat’

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“His ego and desires have grown to such an extent that he says if not me, then nothing,” says Lt Gen Chaudhry

Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) Director General Lt Gen Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry on Friday castigated Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) founder Imran Khan and his party’s “anti-army’s rhetoric”, terming him a “mentally ill person, whose conduct had become a “serious national security threat”.

Addressing an over two-hour-long press conference in Rawalpindi, the military’s spokesperson slammed the former prime minister for working with “external elements, spreading disinformation, provoking unrest and persistently targeting the armed forces”.

The ISPR chief said today’s briefing was aimed at outlining internal national security challenges, saying that nothing is above the state of Pakistan.

Without naming anyone, Lt Gen Chaudry referred to the jailed PTI founder saying: “His ego and desires have grown to such an extent that he says if not me, then nothing.”

Describing what he called a “delusional mindset” of a “person captive of his own thoughts,”  Lt Gen Chaudhry said that the narrative promoted by a particular political figure has “evolved into a national security threat”.

The ISPR DG said that anyone who attacks the armed forces or its leadership is effectively “creating space for another army”.

Lt Gen Chaudhry asserted that the PTI founder keeps the Constitution, the law and established rules aside while promoting this narrative.

He said that the PTI founder sends a narrative against the military and its leadership whenever a meeting is held at Adiala jail.

PTI founder ‘mentally ill’

Addressing the presser, the ISPR DG slammed Imran for “placing personal ego above national interest and of repeatedly promoting an anti-Pakistan, anti-army narrative”.

“This mentally ill individual tweeted two days ago. He believes nothing exists beyond him — not even Pakistan.”

“We respect Pakistan’s political leadership but keep the army away from your politics,” the military’s spokesperson said, adding: “We will not allow anyone to create a rift between Pakistan’s army and the people”.

Lt Gen Chaudhry said Imran had promoted a “scientific system” of coordinated troll activity, driven narratives through his own social media accounts, and repeatedly likened himself to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Indian, Afghan and some international media, he said, amplified his messaging, with troll networks abroad boosting content in synchronised cycles.

According to the ISPR DG, the former premier has now become a national security threat and is working in coordination with external elements.

Giving another recent example, the general said this individual had claimed that anyone from his own party who visited the National Defence University (NDU) would be a traitor. “According to his logic, anyone who goes to ISPR is also a traitor,” he added.

Noting that the freedom of expression is allowed under Article 19 of the Constitution, the ISPR DG said that it carries certain restrictions with it as well and does not permit anyone to speak against the state and national security.

Lt Gen Chaudhry said the “mentally disturbed individual” had recently posted a tweet and asked his supporters to target military leadership that stood firm against an enemy eight times stronger in the Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos.

“There is an entire science behind this,” the ISPR DG said.

Referring to the PTI founder, Lt Gen Chaudhary said: “Who are you? Whose language are you speaking? What do you think of yourself?”

The DG ISPR said that the public had already witnessed the “symptoms of a disturbed mindset”.

He asked whether the individual had not previously instigated the May 9 attack on the General Headquarters (GHQ).

“This person believes that anyone serving in the Pakistan Army is a traitor,” the DG ISPR asserted, adding that this person considers himself to be the only one who is right and believes everyone else is wrong.

He questioned why this individual did not speak about Pakistan’s significant issues.

Vows response to attack on army

The ISPR DG said that the PTI founder first creates a narrative aimed at halting remittances to push Pakistan toward default, and then calls for targeting the army’s leadership, which successfully stood firm against India during the four-day war in May.

“When you ask his party, they say that we do not know where the narrative comes from,” the military’s spokesperson said.

“A person who thinks that nothing is above his own self, even Pakistan, has [in fact] become a national security threat,” the general warned, saying that “this person is working with external elements”.

“If someone attacks the Pakistan Army, then we will also respond.”

Referring to the social media post concerned, he shed light on how the Indian media and troll accounts, operating from outside Pakistan, pick up on this narrative.

“Accounts come after the tweet in a sequential manner [….] The original narrative was given by this mental patient by tweeting.”

“Uzma Khan is sitting on the Indian media and telling PTI to attack,” Lt Gen Chaudhry highlighted.

The ISPR DG cautioned that anyone attacking Pakistan’s Armed Forces “under their own political mindset” should expect a response.

Reaffirming the institution’s stance, he said, “We are the armed forces of Pakistan and do not represent any political ideology.”

CDF notification propaganda

The ISPR DG described the propaganda surrounding the CDF notification as “a flood of lies,” questioning what kind of politics of freedom of expression this represented.

“Please grow up. Talk about real issues,” he said, adding that even routine military news was being used to generate propaganda.

Continuing his remarks, the ISPR DG said that Afghan social media was also actively involved in amplifying the narrative of the PTI founder.

“Three days ago, they repeated their narrative of dialogue with the terrorists. They pushed the line that intelligence-based operations should not be carried out,” he added.

“By the logic of this mentally disturbed individual, if India had attacked, he would have walked around with a begging bowl saying, ‘Come, let’s talk.'”

The ISPR DG noted that the PTI founder was the same person “who suggested opening an office for khawarij in Peshawar”.

“This obsession with talks is not new for him,” the DG ISPR said, adding that the former premier provokes people to stand against operations.

“We are absolutely clear that his politics or his personality cannot be above the state,” he stressed.

“This is a mental disorder — this is a terror-crime nexus. It involves drugs, NCP, kidnapping for ransom and several other things.”

The ISPR DG cautioned that anyone who stands against the political terror-crime nexus could face orchestrated attacks.

‘Terrorism and extremism’

Lt Gen Chaudhry reaffirmed that the Pakistan Army stood between the public and “khawarij terrorists”.

While Pakistan had never refused dialogue, he said talks with violent extremists were out of the question. Citing Paigham-e-Pakistan, he reminded that the country’s top Ulema had rejected extremism.

He said some individuals had revived the narrative of “talking to the khawarij” only three days earlier.

The DG ISPR criticised those opposing security operations, saying the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa police were sacrificing their lives daily.

He questioned why some urged the halting of intelligence-based operations, stressing that terrorism would not end in a day and required political will. He said those advancing such arguments worked against the unanimous national narrative.

The ISPR DG said that by December 3, as many as 1.8 million illegal Afghan migrants had been repatriated under government policy.

‘State is supreme’

Emphasising constitutional hierarchy, the ISPR DG said the state — and the elected government — were supreme, not individuals or institutions. The army, he said, was an institution functioning under civilian authority.

Freedom of speech under Article 19 had limits, he noted, and could not be exercised against national security.

Responding to criticism of military capability and governance, he said the army had proved itself in battle, and that the country had not defaulted despite predictions.

Calling the current discourse a “disease — a mental disorder”, he said the business of lies and deception would no longer continue.

He dismissed online attacks, referring to them as “a barking dog — do not worry about it”.

“We stand on the side of truth, and we will remain on the side of truth,” he added.

‘Media must act responsibly’

Lt Gen Chaudhry urged the media to act responsibly, “call truth truth and falsehood false”, and focus on real national issues.

Pakistan, he said, had let billions of dollars’ worth of floodwater flow into the sea, maintained severely inadequate water storage and faced population pressures, requiring serious debate on food security.

He said the country had “politicised everything — even the national narrative”.

He said questions on governance triggered attacks from the “political-crime nexus”.

Criticising political leaders who kept their own children abroad, he urged them to send their children to the army.

Governor’s rule, he noted, was solely the government’s decision. “We are clear that no individual or politics is greater than the state.”

Concluding the briefing, Lt Gen Chaudhry said the army would not allow rifts between the institution and the public. He warned political actors to stop dragging the military into their disputes, adding that attacks on the army would draw responses.

“It is clear as daylight: we will protect the state,” he said. Calling for maturity, he said: “We are all Bunyan-um-Marsoos — a solid, united structure. Pakistan will remain, and the Pakistan Army will remain.”

News Taken From Geo News

https://www.geo.tv/latest/637487-ispr-dg-lt-gen-chaudhry-to-address-press-conference-today

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Pakistani Delegates of the Model United Nations International Visited the Embassy

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Paris (Imran Y. CHOUDHRY):- A group of Pakistani delegates of the Model United Nations (MUN) International being held in Paris visited the Embassy today for an interactive briefing session. They were briefed on Pakistan’s priorities in international organizations especially those based in Paris.

Addressing the participants, Ambassador Madam Mumtaz Zahra Baloch underscored Pakistan’s commitment to multilateralism, international law, and peaceful settlement of disputes.

She also briefed them on the constructive role played by Pakistan in advancing the mandate of UNESCO during its tenure as a Vice-Chair of the Executive Board (2023–2025) and championing the priorities of developing countries.

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What new changes has the National Assembly made to the 27th Constitutional Amendment bill?

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The National Assembly on Wednesday passed the 27th Constitutional Amendment Bill during a ruckus-marred session attended by political heavyweights, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, PML-N President Nawaz Sharif and PPP Chairman Bilawal Bhutto-Zardari.

The bill was passed by a two-way voting process — voting by division and clause-by-clause voting. Presented in the house for voting by Law Minister Azam Nazeer Tarar, the bill will now be referred back to the Senate for the new amendments to be debated upon again and then will be passed by the upper house.

During the session, Tarar presented a list of amendments to the bill, while also omitting some of the bill’s clauses.

From the law minister’s speech in the National Assembly, the amendments were promulgated mainly to incorporate the newly setup Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) in the scheme of the Constitution and to provide clarity regarding the incumbent and future chief justice of Pakistan (CJP) since the new constitutional court means it will have its own chief justice (CJFCC), along with the chief justice of the Supreme Court (CJSC).

Amendments related to Federal Constitutional Court

Substitution of new Clause 2

The first change pertained to Clause 2 of the 27th Amendment Bill, 2025, which dealt with a change to Article 10(4)(1) of the Constitution (safeguards as to arrest and detention). The relevant section currently says that the CJP will form the review board in a case of someone detained under a federal law.

The amendment sought to insert the words “Supreme Court of” in front of the “chief justice of” to now show that the CJSC would be the one to form the board.

However, the new Clause 2 as per the amendments deals with changes to Article 6’s (high treason) clause 2A, which reads as follows:

An act of high treason mentioned in clause (1) or clause (2) shall not be validated by any court, including the SC and a high court.

In the latest amendment, it was stated that after the word “the”, the words “Federal Constitutional Court” and a comma would be inserted, thus adding the FCC to the list of courts that cannot ratify any act of high treason and placing it before the SC in the listing.

Amendments related to Supreme Court, its chief justice and CJP

Insertion of Clause 2A

Meanwhile, the previous Clause 2 of the bill would now be labelled as Clause 2A.

As explained before, the CJSC will now be the one to form the review board for the case of someone detained under a federal law.

Substitution of Clause 23

Article 176 that deals with the makeup of the SC currently says: “The Supreme Court shall consist of a chief justice to be known as the chief justice of Pakistan and so many other Judges as may be determined by Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] or, until so determined, as may be fixed by the president.”

The original Clause 23 sought to insert the words “of Supreme Court” after the second mention of “justice”, thus meaning that the apex court would comprise its own chief justice — who would not necessarily be the CJP.

However, the law minister said in his NA speech that confusion had been created about the continuity of the CJP, thus the following new amendment was proposed that includes the original Clause 23 but also adds the following part to the full definition at the end of Article 176:

“For the full stop, at the end, a colon shall be substituted and thereafter the following proviso shall be added, namely: ‘Provided that and notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, the incumbent chief justice shall be and continue to be known as the chief justice of Pakistan during his term in office’.”

CJP Yahya Afridi will thus continue to be the country’s chief justice until the end of his term.

Amendment of Clause 56

In the bill, an amendment to Clause 1 of Article 260 (definitions) was proposed, specifically for the definition of the chief justice. The article currently states:

“Chief justice”, in relation to the Supreme Court or a high court, includes the judge for the time being acting as chief justice of the court.

The change (subclause ‘a’ of Clause 56) proposed in the bill sought to add the words “Federal Constitutional Court” to clauses and sub-clauses of Article 260 to incorporate the new court in the framework of the Constitution.

Today’s latest amendment proposed the addition of the following subclause to Clause 56’s subclause ‘a’:

“Chief justice of Pakistan” means the senior amongst the chief justice of the Federal Constitutional Court and the chief justice of Supreme Court.“

Thus, after CJP Afridi’s term comes to an end, the future CJP will be the senior-most judge from the chief justices of the FCC and SC.

Omissions

Omission of Clause 4

Some of the proposed changes in the bill were omitted during the reading, one of which was Clause 4 of the bill.

Clause 4 would amend Article 42 of the Constitution, which reads as follows:

Before entering upon office, the president shall make before the chief justice of Pakistan oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule.

The proposed amendment would have seen the word “Pakistan” replaced with “the Federal Constitutional Court”.

Omission of Clause 19

Clause 19 of the bill proposed an amendment to Article 168 of the Constitution, which mandates that there will be an auditor-general who is appointed by the president. There was meant to be an amendment to Clause 2 of Article 168, which reads as follows:

Before entering upon office, the auditor-general shall make before the chief justice of Pakistan oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule.

The amendment in the bill would insert the words “Supreme Court of” after the words “chief justice of”.

Omission of Clause 51

Clause 51 of the bill proposed an amendment to Article 214 of the Constitution, which states that the chief election commissioner must swear an oath to the chief justice before assuming office, as follows:

Before entering upon office, the commissioner shall make before the chief justice of Pakistan [and a member of the Election Commission shall make before the commissioner] oath in the form set-out in the Third Schedule

The amendment was to replace the word “Pakistan” in the Article with the words “Federal Constitutional Court”.

Omission of Clause 55

Clause 55 of the bill proposed an amendment to Clause 2 of Article 255 (oath of office), which states that if someone cannot take the oath of office before “a specified person”, the chief justice can swear them in, as follows:

Where, under the Constitution, an oath is required to be made before a specified person and, for any reason, it is impracticable for the oath to be made before that person, it may be made before such other person as may be nominated by 3 [the chief justice of a high court, in case of a province and by the chief justice of Pakistan, in all other cases]

The bill proposed an amendment to the second clause of Article 255, substituting the word “Pakistan” with the words “Federal Constitutional Court”.

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