Art & Culture
‘Paintings were suddenly seen as money’: The reason art heists exploded in the 1970s
Acclaimed new film The Mastermind, starring Josh O’Connor, tells the story of an art robbery gone wrong. It’s inspired by a wave of similar thefts during a decade known for upheaval.
In May 1972, two men walked into the Worcester Art Museum in Massachusetts and hurried out carrying four paintings by Paul Gauguin, Pablo Picasso and a supposed Rembrandt (now believed to be the work of one of his students), holding a group of visiting high school students at gunpoint and shooting a security guard in the process. With the stolen artworks’ worth tallying up to $2m (£1.5m), the New York Times ranked it among “the largest art robberies in modern times”. Some say it even inspired a far more famous crime nearby: the 1990 heist at Boston’s Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, in which $500m (£370m) of art was looted, making it the costliest theft in US history full stop, with the crime remaining unsolved.
The Worcester heist was orchestrated by career criminal Florian “Al” Monday, but the game was up after the two thieves he hired for the raid boasted about their exploits in their local bar. Within a month, the paintings were safely retrieved from a pig farm in Rhode Island and returned to the gallery. “Ironically, Monday – before he was an art thief – had a band, and I have the 45 of his record,” writer-director Kelly Reichardt tells the BBC. Her new film The Mastermind, which is released in the US this weekend, is loosely inspired by the chain of events that followed the Worcester robbery, as well as the wave of art heists that followed over the course of that decade.
Praised by The Guardian’s film critic Peter Bradshaw for locating “the unglamour in the heist”, Reichardt’s thoughtful art crime caper dismantles the usual rules of the glitzy, sensationalised heist movie. Blockbusters have long popularised the idea that there is something classy about this category of crime, particularly when it involves art: think, for example, of the 1999 version of The Thomas Crown Affair, in which Pierce Brosnan plays a very suave billionaire orchestrating a raid on New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Reichardt’s take on the genre adopts a slower pace and more exacting eye for the way in which its art robbery cataclysmically unfolds. Josh O’Connor takes the title role as the brains behind the operation: JB Mooney, a middle-class, well-educated art school drop-out now ailing as an underemployed carpenter in Massachusetts. Under pressure from his well-to-do parents – a retired judge (Bill Camp) and a socialite (Hope Davis) – to repay their loans to him, he cases the fictional Framingham Art Museum for a heist. But from the moment that one of his henchmen asks how he plans to sell on the stolen paintings – which would be difficult due to their recognisability – the scheme begins to go awry.
If you start to get down into the minutiae of a robbery like this and don’t concentrate on the bigger strokes, then by nature it becomes de-glamorised – Kelly Reichardt
Reichardt came across an article about the 50-year anniversary of the Worcester Art Museum robbery while working on her previous film, Showing Up (2002), a comedy drama about two rival sculptors, and decided to use the story as the foundation of her next feature. All that was left to do was to create the character of JB. “The political ideas, the genre ideas – these are things you think about and study, but then you have to let go of all that and concentrate on the details of the film you’re making with what your character situation is like,” says Reichardt. “If you start to get down into the minutiae of those things and don’t concentrate on the bigger strokes, then by nature it [becomes] de-glamorised.”
Reading about the 1972 robbery brought back memories for Reichardt of the “many smash-and-grabs at the time” that frequently appeared in newspaper headlines. Mere months after the Worcester Art Museum heist, a robbery since dubbed the “skylight caper” took place in Canada – the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts was raided by three armed robbers, who clinched $2m (£1.5m) of paintings, jewels and valuable objects, marking the largest theft in the nation’s history. Across the Atlantic, in 1976, 119 of Picasso’s final works were pilfered from France’s Palais des Papes by three thieves while they were on show during a visiting exhibition.
Then there was the case of Rose Dugdale, an Oxford University graduate and heiress turned fierce Irish republican, who was the focus of Joe Lawlor and Christine Molloy’s high-octane 2023 art-heist drama Baltimore. In 1974, together with several IRA members, she took 19 paintings by the likes of Johannes Vermeer and Peter Paul Rubens from Ireland’s Russborough House, and held them to ransom, hoping for the release of imprisoned IRA members. Lawlor told Cineuropa: “There was something incredibly well organised about it and really badly thought out. They are so driven but completely blind to the wider political reality.”
The history of art theft
Before this spate of burglaries, history had seen countless other lootings and plunderings of prized art pieces, from the 1473 theft by pirates of Hans Memling’s The Last Judgment from a ship bound for Florence, to the infamous purloining of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre in 1911 by Vincenzo Peruggia, an embittered former employee at the gallery. When he was caught two years later, he only served a six-month prison sentence.
Yet the Massachusetts robbery undeniably signalled a gear change for the art heist industry. According to art historian Tom Flynn, the surge in heists in the 1970s “coincides with the boom of the art market”. Citing the 1977 launch of Antiques Roadshow – the long-running BBC TV show in which a team of experts appraise art pieces and objects – and its ensuing popularity, Flynn adds: “It’s a cultural change where we start to see works of art as the equivalent of money.”
Meanwhile, criminals were becoming aware of the flimsiness of museum security, making works of art seem an easy target. News reports in the early 1970s warned of funding “crises” for museums and cutbacks in security, particularly amid high inflation. Smaller-scale thefts, such as the stealing of Francisco Goya’s portrait of the Duke of Wellington from London’s National Gallery in 1961 and the disappearance of three Rembrandts from Dulwich Picture Gallery in 1966, revealed how straightforward it could be simply to lift a painting from gallery walls undetected.
Part of the appeal of these characters is their outsmarting the establishment. The fact that art heists usually don’t involve private individuals makes it more acceptable – Susan Ronald
Like the guard injured during the Worcester Art Museum robbery, security employees rarely carried arms – and, as portrayed mockingly in The Mastermind, they could often be dozy “retirees” or “acid heads”, as Reichardt says, with limited training. She adds: “Museums used to have these cool circular drives out front, which made the getaway pretty handy.” And, while the film features an FBI art crime investigator reminiscent of real-life agent Robert Wittman – who recovered $300m (£225m) worth of art over the course of his career – the actual FBI Art Crime Team was only founded in 2004.
But as Flynn notes, while museums may have been slow to appreciate the threat of robbery in the past, the robbers have not generally displayed the sharpest acumen either. “The history of art crime and major art heists has been one of opportunist idiots who don’t really understand the nature of works of art themselves,” he says, referring to their potential for damage, “or indeed the market for works of art. [Then] these guys suddenly discover, to their horror, that the objects they’ve stolen are very difficult things to shift.”
The allure of the art robber
An archetype in fiction of the art robber as lovable rogue also started to emerge during the 1960s and ’70s. Amid unrest driven by the Vietnam War and the Nixon administration, disillusionment and discontent reached high levels, especially among younger generations in the US. Simultaneously, films such as 1964’s Topkapi (where a band of art thieves attempt to steal from a palace in Istanbul), 1966’s How to Steal a Million (where Audrey Hepburn and Peter O’Toole plan a heist to altruistic ends) and the same year’s Gambit (starring Michael Caine as a plucky cat burglar stealing an antique bust) helped to glamorise such characters.
According to historical author Susan Ronald, who specialises in art crime, the rise of the art robber in pop culture reflects the time’s anti-authority mentality. “Part of [the appeal of these characters] is [their] outsmarting the establishment,” she explains. “The fact that art heists usually don’t involve private individuals makes it more acceptable. It’s an institution, and there’s something quite daring about it.”
Perhaps it’s partly down to the glorification of these art stealers that misconceptions about arts heists have taken root – for example, the idea of them being a “victimless crime”. “We don’t take it seriously enough,” says Flynn, “which is why the criminals quite often get ridiculous [short] sentences when you consider that they’ve committed a serious cultural crime. But because it’s art, we don’t think it’s so important.”
The Mastermind works in many ways to upend entrenched ideas about art robbers. From Caine in Gambit to Alain Delon in Jean-Pierre Melville’s Le Cercle Rouge (1970), such a figure was often represented as a heartthrob in the films of that time. But, with JB, Reichardt hoped to subvert that. “These guys are [actually] such jerks. They’re misogynist. They can afford to break away and do what they want. They’re not pinned down with kids. Just the idea of being able to be the outlaw is a privilege, but in the end you root for them, it’s just a narrative thing.”
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We get a nuanced perspective on JB’s character through his long-suffering wife, Terri (Alana Haim), and unimpressed fellow graduate Maude (Gaby Hoffman), both forced to put up with his antics. “There is an added, more objective look at him at times through the women in JB’s life who he counts on, who are taxed by his freedom. Personal freedom being a huge theme in American politics today – but at what cost and who carries the weight of that?”
Today, robberies of public museums and galleries are far less frequent, with criminals now “cottoned on to the fact that these are essentially non-fungible objects”, says Flynn. However, recent funding cuts by the US government could spell a troubling future for museum security again – even if there are bigger threats to paintings these days, says heritage consultant Vernon Rapley. “It’s not just security that will suffer – it will be the very fabric of the buildings as well. If you don’t invest in your roofs and windows, then ultimately, weather and climate change are probably a greater risk to objects, in fact, than criminals are.”
The Mastermind is released in US cinemas on 17 October and UK cinemas on 24 October
Art & Culture
Inheritance of a woman in Islamic law ; From Implications to Challenges! _ By Syeda Fatima Batool
Inheritance is a very special and technical branch of law, recognized in Shariah and mostly the principles therein derive their origin from the primary sources of Islamic law which are the Holy Quran and the Sunnah, which further finds evolutionary development in Usul-ul-Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). Few principles are operating while facing illegal practices affecting women’s inheritance rights in socio-religious and socio-economic perspectives. Acknowledging the doctrine of Maqasid-e-Shariah as defined by Al-Ghazali, are aimed for preservation of five essentials of human well-being including protection of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property.Despite clear rules in Shariah and legislative efforts within “the state”, many women face denial of their rights ( Meerath- “مِیراث” ) due to cultural and social norms of our society. The ethnographic dimension of this very domain suggests, few following atrocities in non-furtherance of the women’s right of inheritance to investigate:
Let’s take a judicial landscape purview first; aiming to bridge the gap between law and practice regarding women’s rights. Aforementioned few practices have no legal value and can be challenged and called in question in a court of law. A significant landmark judgment is a step forward highlighting the critical issue of women being deprived of their rightful inheritance rights in Pakistan. In Muhammad Sajid Tareen V The Govt. of Balochistan through Chief Secretary Balochistan & others, (PLD 2021 Balochistan 172) it fundamentally restructured how inheritance rights for women are enforced, particularly in regions where customs often override Islamic legal principles. Judicial paradigm is also vigilant and sensitized with regard to women inheritance rights. In essence, this very ruling manifests and suggests the following helping tools which play a vital role for women combating inheritance rights effectively;
A very common scenario within social and cultural fabric of our society is rightly emphasized in this very case Bakht Biland Khan & others vs Zahid Khan & other PLD 2024 SC 1273. Worth mentioning para 4 of the said judgement specifying, “this is yet another classic case of brothers’ depriving their sisters of their inheritance, and did so for decades.…..It was intolerable to deprive vulnerable persons and females of their legal rights.”
A welcoming verdict where Apex Court upheld the sisters’ inheritance rights, and fined the petitioners (brothers) Rs. 500,000 for wasting court time and depriving women of their inheritance.
In another landmark case ruling of Aksar Jan and others vs Shamim Akhtar and others 2025 SCLR 12 the Honorable Chief Justice observed in para 5 thatthe inheritance shares in the estate left by a Muslim is stipulated in the Holy Qur’an and a deceased’s legal heirs become owners on his/her death — Unfortunately, and all too often, females continue to be deprived of their inheritance by employing various nefarious tactics, bogus documentation, fraudulent statements with the facilitation of Revenue department officials and some advocates.The courts too at times are not vigilant enough to protect inheritance rights, particularly of females and other vulnerable members of society.And, simple inheritance cases are not expeditiously decided,...The practice of depriving females of their inheritance must be put a stop to, and those who do so must be made to pay substantial costs and not be permitted to benefit from procedural technicalities.
Another Recent judicial milestone is achieved by a recent judgement ensuring and re-acknowledging by another Supreme Court ruling titled Abrar Hussain Vs Mst. Bibi Shahida and others PLD 2026 SC 42 also established that women have a “divine, automatic right” to inherit, which cannot be nullified by unproven gifts or mere claims by male heirs .
“The Court emphasized that denying inheritance contradicts the Qur’anic injunctions that clearly define women’s shares, and any attempt to deprive a woman of her share without her free consent is invalid.”
Another most recent landmark judgement ofMst. Amara Waqas vs. Muhammad Waqas Rasheed, W.P. No. 365 \2023 decided in March 2026, the Islamabad High Court (IHC) has ruled“that all assets acquired during the subsistence of a marriage “whether movable or immovable” regardless of the title holder shall constitute “matrimonial property.” Hence are subject to equitable distribution between spouses. Relying upon comparative jurisprudence from Malaysia, Indonesia, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, the court recommended that marriage in Pakistan must be recognised as an economic partnership.Study shows in Indonesia, property acquired during the marriage is considered joint property of the husband and wife. Tunisian Personal Status Code 1956 allow spouses to include clauses in their marital agreements governing the management and division of property.Similarly Iran, Jordan, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Brunei Dar-us-Salam and Malaysia are the current examples of catering the issue of women property rights by legislations in respective civil codes and family laws.
Furthermore for the “first time in the judicial and legal history of Pakistan” such an innovative development is seen regarding property and inheritance rights whereby it very clearly ask for an amendment in nikahnama form for addition of a column stipulating any property if acquired after marriage by either spouse, shall be divided equally, secondly court emphasized the education and awareness of existing nikahnama form to young girls specifically to enable secure their proprietary rights.
Despite the amazing rulings by the honorable apex courts, implementation faces hurdles and struggle to change centuries-old norms and customs in a very slow pace. Key indicator is the role of the “Revenue officers” serving as the first line of defense in preventing and curbing such illegal transactions regarding female heirs. Such authority and officers can and shall actively scrutinize every mutation while not just relying upon presented documents alone. It’s high time that the Revenue , Police , and all respective departments shall be given extensive and women-centric sensitized trainings, via special workshops and social media tool mediums in local languages also.
In the ambit of Constitutional bindings, the Fundamental Right under Article 14 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 mandates inviolable right to human dignity Article 23 assures that all citizens of Pakistan shall enjoy equal right to acquire property and Article 24 ensures and guarantees the protection of every citizen’s property against unlawful deprivation; followed by Article 25promising equality of all citizens. In the light of Principles of Policy, Article 35 of the Constitution, state is responsible for protection of family, marriage, mother and child
From psychological perspective exclusion from mainstream empowering roles and decision making, more often women prefer, “not to claim their inheritance” and to avoid family conflict\s and keep sacrificing her “share” amid fear, from social or family isolation to stigmatization. Women are conditioned to believe that asking their rightful share in inheritance is morally, socially and ethically wrong despite the fact that a female claim is legal and religious. Familial breakdown acts as a profound health hazard. Stigma-related isolation is not solely a social issue rather medical effects of this exclusion can be worse than the mental health conditions themselves.
Now from the viewpoint of Shariah, we find clarity of the phenomenon of a female exclusive and independent right of inheritance declared by the primary sources of Islamic law, The Holy Quran and Sunnah. Sura Nisa:7 mentions that “For men there is a share in what their parents and close relatives leave, and for women there is a share in what their parents and close relatives leave”.We shall appreciate treatment of women’s inheritance rights as a revolutionary advancement for its time; determining a mandatory right for female\s who were often excluded earlier to the advent of Islam.The core ruling is found in Surah An-Nisa specifically verses 7 to 14 and 176.The Fundamental Rule in sura Nisa:11 is incorporated that “Allah commands you regarding your children: for the male a share equivalent to that of two females...”. It states that a son inherits twice the share of a daughter. This is often simplified as “a woman gets half of a man’s share,” but this is only in the specific case of siblings when there is no will. This is concept of taseeb i.e the differential share ratio of 2:1 and is linked to the financial responsibilities placed on men as sustainers and providers in Islamic law, while a woman’s inherited wealth is her own property with no obligation to spend it on anyone else.Hence the share of daughter alone is half where there is a brother, otherwise appreciate the key Shares for females as fixed shares (Fara’id) for several female relatives:
- Wife: 1/8 in case of children; 1/4 if no children.
- Daughter: 1/2 if alone; 2/3 if multiple (shared); if there is a son, they become residual heirs (‘Asaba) with the son taking double.
- Mother: 1/6 if the deceased has children; 1/3 if no children or siblings.
- Uterine sister : A fixed share of 1/6 if she is the only uterine sibling.
- If there are two or more uterine siblings (brothers or sisters), they share 1/3 of the estate equally, regardless of gender, as defined in Surah An-Nisa:12
- Full Sister: 1/2 if alone; 2/3 if multiple (shared); can inherit residually in some cases.
- Paternal Sister: 1/2 if alone; 2/3 if multiple; specific rules with other heirs.
Notably crucial concept shall be known that there are many scenarios where“a woman inherits an equal or even greater share than a man”:
- Mother and Father: When a person dies leaving both parents and no children, the mother gets 1/3 and the father gets 1/3 (the remainder goes to siblings). Here, they inherit equally.
- Uterine Siblings (brother & sister from same mother): They inherit equally, each getting 1/6 or 1/3
- Only Daughters: A single daughter can take half the estate, while multiple daughters take two-thirds. In the absence of sons, they can be the primary heirs.
- Case of Kalalah: (Deceased with no direct parents or children). Inheritance flows to siblings, with complex rules where sisters can sometimes become residual heirs and take a larger portion.
Allah commands in Al-baqrah:188 very clearly that “do not usurp one another’s property unjustly”.
The Sunnah of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) places a profound emphasis on the mindfulness and protection of women’s rights, establishing their well-being as a direct responsibility before Allah. This is most powerfully manifested in his Khutbah Hajjatul Wida (Farewell Sermon), where he explicitly instructed men to fear Allah in their treatment of women, describing them as a “trust from God”. Islamic Law of Inheritance is indeed a complex, technical and mathematical science. In modern day, contemporary debates are commonly known by scholars and reformers urging for need of ijtihad (independent analogical reasoning) in this very regard. Tunisia and other Muslim-majority nations are bridging the gap between practice and principle by revising family laws to align with Quranic justice, actively overcoming customary, patriarchal interpretations.The Quranic inheritance system is purpose-driven. It is indeed time to legislate accordingly. The Quranic inheritance system (Faraid) is widely recognized by scholars as a purpose-driven framework aimed at ensuring social justice, family cohesion, and economic equity. One can not ignore another socio-economic woman right, incorporated in Sura bakra:241that reasonable provisions must be made for divorced women,—as a duty upon the righteous. Such phenomenon is called post-divorce alimony. It can be any kind of movable or immovable property or something valuable, for which we just have developed our jurisprudence in a recent case law judgement of equitable matrimonial asset division by IHC 2026 referred earlier.
Coming towards the land scape of Pakistan legal paradigm, we developed a remarkable piece of legislation, known as the ‘Women Property Rights Act 2020’. It was designed to redress the widespread issue of a woman being deprived of her rightful property acquired by Inheritance, Will, Gift /tamleek-nama or Hiba, Sale or any such like mode. It’s operation has recently been suspended by a judgement of Islamabad High Court Writ Petition.2665/2025. It has also been implemented in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Previously the “Punjab Enforcement of Women’s Property Rights Act” 2021 was introduced within the Punjab. The Lahore High Court issued an interim order suspending this very law, halting all actions taken under it, and referring the matter to a full bench. Hence In Punjab we have only operational and active legislative medium for redressal of property grievances known as the “Punjab Protection of Ownership of Immovable Property Act” 2025, with the aim to protect women’s property and inheritance rights, more efficient and effective amid fast-track mechanism to claim property. In countries where continuous and systemic inequalities bars women’s participation in the formal economy, inheritance rights play a crucial role in supporting their economic independence. Such a financial security reduces women’s dependence on others also it allows them to make independent economic decision. As per ‘Gender Parity Report’(ICT)- 2025, “ the overwhelming majority of landholdings are controlled by men which is alarming systemic inequality in land ownership in paving inclination towards gender parity and gender discrimination. Recent data from the “Federal Bureau of Statistics and Parliamentary updates in Pakistan” 2025, indicate that only 2.5 per cent of women in Pakistan own a house in their own name, and 7.5 per cent hold joint property. Only 26% of women population in Pakistan enjoy ownership of property. Last year The World Economic Forum (WEF) issued it’s Global Gender Gap Report 2025, depicting Pakistan’s pillar-wise performance; showing minimal change from 2024, underscoring entrenched structural challenges. In Economic participation and opportunity, Pakistan remains 143rd, reflecting stagnant female labor force participation, persistent wage disparities, and limited access to leadership roles owing to low Female Workforce Participation with less than 25% of women active in the workforce. Pakistan fails to leverage half of its human capital for economic growth.Weak Policy Implementation: Last but not the least, a Global vision expansion amid Constitutional 18th Amendment marks each Province responsibility for legislation and initiatives regarding women’s inheritance and property rights. Hence it has increased resources to provinces to work for women’s empowerment with the aim to meet the Sustainable Developmental Goals (STG’s) 2030 No. 5, urging for gender equality and empowerment of females. International spectrum highlights CEDAW, “the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discriminationagainst Women” which Pakistan ratified In 1996. Later in 2010 Pakistan ratified ICCPR“International Convention on Civil and Political Rights” ensuring specific protection against gender inequality in all civil and political matters. Secretary-General of the United Nations, ‘António Guterres’ urged all governments to eliminate legal barriers to women owning land, and to involve them in policy making. On 2nd March 2026 while highlighting ‘Eight Actions for More Equal World’ he further shared that Worldwide, women hold only 64 % of the legal rights enjoyed by men. In too many places, they cannot own property. Even where protections exist, women face higher barriers to access legal aid or the courts. Every country must commit to dismantling discriminatory laws, and to enforcing rights in practice.
Unless, we include women in formal and visible empowering scenarios at basic grass root levels, normalize socio-cultural co-existence, promote awareness using most modern digital tools ; use data age mediums in shifting the approach toward women, recognizing them not just as beneficiaries of care but as active citizens with fundamental rights, we may not be successfully struggling against identified aforementioned few key indicators. Academia shall play its role.Patriarchal structures continue to limit women’s mobility, access to jobs, hence weak Policy, despite gender equality laws on paper, enforcement remains absent. Legal protections for women are poorly and in efficiently implemented. Devastating effects for ineffective legislative measures for women inheritance leads to long lasting profound distress, which endanger wellbeing of the person. The failure to enforce women inheritance rights and laws, develops a self-sustaining cycle where subsequent generations of women are likely to be denied their rights, resulting in perpetuation of gender inequality. ‘Female Empowerment’ is the transformative tool for combating the gender-based discrimination and harassment, challenging patriarchy, customary practices, and power imbalance, that perpetuated such power crimes in society. It is effective only if paired with legal, judicial, institutional and educational reformative tools that target systematic roots discrimination. Sustainable, long-term success in securing women’s inheritance rights requires a collaborative approach that actively includes men to dismantle patriarchal structures playing as key enabler of change.
Art & Culture
Where the Soul Finds Stillness — A Gentle Surrender to Nature’s Quiet Embrace and Timeless Serenity
GARDEN OF EDEN
My spirit soars up to the sky,
As I on the lush green carpet lie.
Ecstasy envelopes my always
…melancholy heart,
As, sudden wind blown ripples,
In the pond start.
As the winter suns, warm rays,
Caress my being I do sway
Frolicking and frisking, from here to there,
Like a lamb, the desire, I wish to bear.
May you bloom forever, my Garden of Eden,
Make my thoughts soar upto, The Seventh Heaven.
Art & Culture
The Quiet Weight of Goodbye — When Parting Leaves Behind Echoes of Love, Loss, and Lingering Silence
NO MORE TEARS
As you leave for greener pastures,
Tears flown down the cheeks at your departure.
The migrating bird flutters its wings,
Over for it, is the season to sing.
The Bentley turns round the corner
Disappears from sight, now and forever.
I shall miss your nudge and touch,
For our friendship others could vouch.
But since the ‘Sea of Gold’ is at a distance,
Leave for it right now, this instance.
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