World News
‘A home for trees and birds, and also humans’: How high-rise forests can transform city life – and make us happier

It’s been 10 years since the creation of the first vertical forest, Milan’s Bosco Verticale. How has it inspired other buildings – and affected their residents’ happiness and health?
In 2007, Italian architect Stefano Boeri witnessed the frantic construction of a city in the Dubai desert dominated by energy-wasting skyscrapers covered in glass, ceramic and metal. All these materials, he tells the BBC, “reflected sunlight, generating heat in the air and especially on the urban ground, where pedestrians walked”. Three thousand miles away, he had just begun working on his own design for two very tall buildings in a neglected area of northern Milan. “Suddenly, it occurred to me to create two biological towers… covered not with glass, but with leaves,” he says. The design would invite fauna and flora into this industrial wasteland and cool the air inside and out, offering a radical new architectural prototype that, he explains, “integrates living nature as a constitutive part of it”. The startling result was the world’s first “vertical forest”.

The multi-award-winning design is now 10 years old, its plants maintained by “flying gardeners” harnessed to the side of the buildings, and its occupants up to three degrees cooler, as the foliage releases water vapour and filters the sunlight. To mark this anniversary, architectural firm Stefano Boeri Architetti has released a new book, Bosco Verticale: Morphology of a Vertical Forest, featuring essays by leading voices working at the intersection of nature and architecture, alongside images by architectural photographer Iwan Baan. The book traces the evolution of the project and the principles it espouses, and, say the publishers, Rizzoli “celebrates an architectural work that has become the symbol of a renewed collective sensibility toward care for the environment and the plant world”.
Since the completion of Milan’s Vertical Forest, a green wave of plant-rich construction has begun reintroducing nature into our cities
In a reversal of the usual architectural hierarchies, the book describes the vertical forest as “a home for trees and birds, that also houses humans”. It draws on philosophies and texts that have influenced it, such as The Secret Life of Trees (2006) by British biologist Colin Tudge, a work that explains the crucial role trees play in our lives in sequestering carbon, producing glucose and providing shade. It also quotes the British ethologist Dame Jane Goodall. As populations increase, she asserts, “it is desperately important that this growth should be accompanied by new incentives to bring the natural world into existing cities and into the planning of new ones”.

Since the completion of Milan’s Vertical Forest, a green wave of plant-rich construction has begun reintroducing nature into our cities, from Dubai to Denver, Colorado; Antwerp to Arlington, Virginia; with Africa’s first vertical forest scheduled to break ground in Cairo later this year. Answering critics who doubted the concept’s affordability is the Trudo Vertical Forest in Eindhoven, The Netherlands (completed 2021), a social housing project with a rent cap of €600 (£510) per month.
A sense of connection
Over in Montpellier, France, a third of The Secret Gardens − a forested residential development designed by Vincent Callebaut Architectures, Paris, and due for completion later this year − will be reserved for affordable housing. In integrating practices such as rooftop agriculture and water recycling, The Secret Gardens also “addresses the climate crisis by restoring the human-nature connection”, Vincent Callebaut tells the BBC. “By transforming residents into urban gardeners and façades into carbon sinks, this building demonstrates that ecology isn’t a constraint but a lifestyle philosophy,” he says.

The power of these extraordinary structures to alter how people live and feel is central to their design. One of Vincent Callebaut Architectures’ latest designs is The Rainbow Tree (Cebu, Philippines), inspired by the psychedelic colours of the native Rainbow Eucalyptus Tree‘s bark. But the “tree” requires the collaboration of the residents of each of its 300 apartments to maintain its striking flora. This, along with its shared greenhouses and urban beehives, helps “foster social bonds”, says Callebaut, creating a sense of community and connection.
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This notion that biophilic design (design that draws on humans’ innate connection with nature) can positively affect our wellbeing is supported by recent research. A study undertaken by Wageningen University in the Netherlands reported that the presence of plants in a work environment not only improved the attractiveness of the workspace, but also increased employee satisfaction. Workers also noticed the enhanced air quality and reported fewer health-related complaints.
Nature is not something that exists in an immemorial past – it is and will always be our technological future – Emanual Coccia
In Wales, a 10-year study looking at the presence of anxiety and depression in 2.3 million medical records, found that the greenest home surroundings were associated with 40% less anxiety and depression than those living in the least green areas. People in poorer areas benefitted the most, with access to green spaces and water reducing the risk of anxiety and depression by 10% (6% in wealthier areas).

It is perhaps unsurprising, then, that biophilic concepts are being commissioned for new hospitals. Callebaut’s Hospiwood 21, in La Louvière, Belgium, says the architect, “incorporates therapeutic vertical forests using greenery to reduce patient stress and enhance recovery”, and is furnished with a soothing biophilic interior full of cascading plants. Meanwhile, in Italy, Stefano Boeri’s New Policlinico Hospital Milan will feature a rooftop garden of more than 7,000 square metres. Biophilia is part of a rethinking of care facilities, says Boeri, that “opens up a new perspective on rehabilitation, going beyond the traditional concept of a facility for the mere long-term care of patients and becoming a true space of interaction and wellbeing in close contact with nature”.
In fact, the green tendrils of biophilic design are creeping into a huge range of buildings. Jewel Changi Airport, Singapore’s 10-storey leisure and retail complex, has been open to both air passengers and visitors since 2019, and boasts lush indoor forests comprising 1,400 trees, as well as the world’s tallest indoor waterfall (40m). In Amsterdam, the sustainable bamboo interior of the Hotel Jakarta (founded 2018) features a tropical garden in its central atrium that, quenched by rainwater from the roof, is fast advancing towards its 30-metre high ceiling. An hour away in Rotterdam, a rooftop forest, almost 40m above ground level, crowns The Depot, a publicly accessible storage facility for the vast art collection of the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, and shaped like a giant mirrored cauldron.
As well as lifting our spirits, high-rise forests can play an important role in tackling climate change. Vincent Callebaut’s Tao Zhu Yin Yuan in Taipei, Taiwan, a 21-floor tower that is shaped like DNA’s double helix, was completed in 2024. Its 23,000 plants absorb an estimated 130 tons of CO2 each year, and their cooling effect on the façade reduces the need for air conditioning by 30%. The building features rotating balconies to maximise sun exposure, while the ventilation chimneys at its core reflects Callebaut’s interest in biomimicry (the emulation of nature’s systems to provide solutions to human problems) and function much like a lung, drawing in air at its base, purifying it, and then expelling it at the top.

Far taller than they are wide, high-rise forests also minimise soil sealing, freeing up land for nature and reducing flood risk. “My projects embody a vision where cities are no longer climate problems but living solutions,” says Callebaut. Far from nature being “an obstacle or ornamental afterthought”, it’s the guiding principle of the design. Buildings now act, he says, as “inhabited trees… that absorb CO2, produce energy, and shelter biodiversity”. Responding to two major contemporary crises, global warming and declining mental health, biophilic buildings are already being envisaged as part of entirely forested cities. In Liuzhou in China’s Guangxi province, one of the world’s worst regions for smog, Stefano Boeri’s futuristic Forest City, housing around 30,000 inhabitants and generating all of its own energy, has been approved and is awaiting construction; while the firm’s Cancun Smart Forest City in Mexico, which plans to prohibit combustion-powered vehicles, is also awaiting starter’s orders.
Back in Milan, the building that began it all, with its rooftop solar panels, is indisputably tree-like, harvesting its energy from the sun and drawing up groundwater. “Nature is not something that exists in an immemorial past,” writes author and philosopher Emanuele Coccia in the book. “It is and will always be our technological future.” As for Boeri, the twin vertical forests he brought to life in Milan are not just buildings, he writes, but “a political manifesto” with “a simple and popular message: living nature has to return to inhabit the spaces conceived for humans. No more, no less”.
Bosco Verticale: Morphology of a Vertical Forest is edited by Stefano Boeri Architetti and published by Rizzoli.
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World News
Romania becomes second Nato country to report Russian drone in its airspace

Romania says a Russian drone has breached its airspace – the second Nato country to report such an incursion.
Romanian fighter jets were in the air monitoring a Russian attack in Ukraine on Saturday and were able to track the drone near Ukraine’s southern border, the defence ministry said in a statement.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said the incursion could not be a mistake – it was “an obvious expansion of the war by Russia”. Moscow has not commented on the Romanian claims.
On Wednesday, Poland said it had shot down at least three Russian drones which had entered its airspace.
In its statement, Romania’s defence ministry said it detected the Russian drone when two F-16 jets were monitoring they country’s border with Ukraine, after “Russian air attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure on the Danube”.
The drone was detected 20km (12.4 miles) south-west of the village of Chilia Veche, before disappearing from the radar.
But it did not fly over populated areas or pose imminent danger, the ministry said.
Poland also responded to concerns over Russian drones on Saturday.
“Preventative operations of aviation – Polish and allied – have begun in our airspace,” Prime Minister Donald Tusk said in a post on X.
“Ground-based air defence systems have reached the highest state of readiness.”
Earlier this week Russia’s defence ministry said there had been “no plans” to target facilities on Polish soil.
Belarus, a close Russian ally, said the drones which entered Polish airspace on Wednesday were an accident, after their navigation systems were jammed.
On Sunday, the Czech Republic announced it had sent a special operations helicopter unit to Poland.
The unit consists of three Mi-171S helicopters, each one capable of transporting up to 24 personnel and featuring full combat equipment.
The move is in response to Russian’s incursion into Nato’s eastern flank, the Czech Defence Minister Jana Cernochova said.
In response to the latest drone incursion, President Zelensky said the Russian military “knows exactly where their drones are headed and how long they can operate in the air”.
He has consistently asked Western countries to tighten sanctions on Moscow.
US President Donald Trump also weighed in on airspace breach earlier this week, saying he was “ready” to impose tougher sanctions on Russia, but only if Nato countries met certain conditions, such as stopping buying Russian oil.
Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and has been making slow progress in the battlefield.
Trump has been leading efforts to end the war, but Russia has intensified attacks on Ukraine since President Vladimir Putin returned from a summit with Trump in Alaska last month.
World News
French President Emmanuel Macron appoints Defence Minister Sebastien Lecornu as new Prime Minister

Paris ( Imran Y. CHOUDHRY):- French President Macron late Tuesday appointed Defense Minister Sébastien Lecornu as France’s new prime minister, the country’s fourth in about a year.
Lecornu, 39, is the youngest defence minister in French history and architect of a major military buildup through 2030, spurred by Russia’s war in Ukraine.
A former conservative who joined Macron’s centrist movement in 2017, he has held posts on local authorities, overseas territories and during Macron’s yellow vest “great debate”, where he managed mass anger with dialogue. He also offered talks on autonomy during unrest in Guadeloupe in 2021.
His rise reflects Macron’s instinct to reward loyalty, but also the need for continuity as repeated budget showdowns have toppled his predecessors and left France in drift.
There were celebrations across France after Prime Minister François Bayrou lost a vote of confidence in the National Assembly on Monday. MPs ousted Bayrou by 364 votes to 194 over his austerity budget, which aimed to cut €44 billion to reduce the country’s national debt. ‘Farewell drinks’ for the prime minister were held in several cities, with many happy to see the back of a prime minister widely seen as having little popular mandate. However, there was concern in other quarters over France’s growing political instability.
World News
Superpowers That Profess Peace but Endanger the Globe

Paris (Imran Y. CHOUDHRY) :- Former Press Secretary to the President, Former Press Minister to the Embassy of Pakistan to France, Former MD, SRBC Mr. Qamar Bashir analysis : In a world where powerful nations proudly proclaim themselves as guardians of peace, human rights, and prosperity, humanity finds itself facing a bitter irony. The very countries that claim to champion democracy and protect innocent lives are also the largest producers and exporters of weapons of mass destruction. They present themselves as leaders of a compassionate, progressive, and peaceful global order, yet their economies thrive on creating machines of death that fuel wars, destabilize regions, and leave millions of innocent civilians suffering.
The United States sits atop this paradox, projecting itself as the ultimate protector of human rights, democracy, and freedom, while simultaneously leading the world in arms production. American defense giants like Lockheed Martin, RTX (Raytheon Technologies), Northrop Grumman, Boeing, and General Dynamics dominate the global weapons market, generating defense revenues exceeding $246 billion annually. These corporations design and build technologies so advanced and lethal that they could destroy the world many times over. More troubling is the reality that the survival of these companies, and the jobs and profits they sustain, depends on perpetual conflict. The more wars there are, the greater the demand for their weapons, and the greater the growth of their revenues and influence. In 2024, the United States alone accounted for 43% of the world’s total arms exports, while global military spending crossed an unprecedented $2.44 trillion.
Following closely behind, the United Kingdom proudly claims the mantle of being a defender of global rights and humanitarian values, yet its defense sector plays an equally significant role in perpetuating conflicts. Its leading defense contractor, BAE Systems, ranks among the top global arms manufacturers, earning nearly $30 billion annually from the production of fighter jets, warships, and missile systems that find their way into war-torn regions. While London speaks of upholding peace and protecting civilians, its weapons often contribute directly to the destruction of those very lives.
China and Russia, positioned as counterweights to Western dominance, are no less invested in the economics of militarization. China, under the banner of “peaceful modernization,” has emerged as the third-largest weapons producer, with companies like AVIC, Norinco, and CETC collectively earning over $57 billion annually. It has developed cutting-edge systems, including the J-20 stealth fighter, hypersonic missiles, and naval destroyers, strengthening its position across the Asia-Pacific. At the same time, the United States’ creation of an expansive ring of missile defense systems stretching across the South China Sea, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific has created a dangerous tinderbox where even a minor miscalculation could ignite a devastating conflict. Russia, through its state-owned conglomerate Rostec, generates over $21 billion annually by producing S-400 missile defense systems, Su-35 fighter jets, attack helicopters, and artillery systems, supplying weapons not only for its own military operations but also to proxy nations aligned with Moscow’s interests. In Ukraine, Russian-made weapons and Western-supplied arms clash daily, turning the country into a laboratory of destruction where innocent civilians suffer the consequences of great-power rivalry.
Amid these competing superpowers, Israel presents yet another paradox. While accusing other nations, particularly Iran, of pursuing weapons of mass destruction, Israel itself is a major arms exporter and maintains one of the most advanced nuclear and missile capabilities in the world. Its defense firms collectively generate over $12 billion annually, developing cutting-edge drones, anti-missile systems, and precision-guided munitions. Many of these technologies are exported to regions already embroiled in conflict, while others are deployed directly in Gaza and the West Bank, where their usage has caused devastating civilian casualties. Israel’s defense industry has positioned the country as both a buyer and seller of destruction, all while claiming to act solely in the name of security and self-defense.
This is the grim irony of our time: the countries that boast of being peacemakers and champions of human rights are also the largest merchants of war. Their economies are heavily tied to weapons production, creating a vicious cycle where economic prosperity depends on sustaining conflict. A single corporation like Lockheed Martin earns more annually than the combined GDP of many low-income nations. Instead of directing resources toward alleviating poverty, combating climate change, and advancing healthcare and education, the global powers pour trillions into developing weapons capable of wiping out humanity.
The consequences of this relentless militarization are profound. As these powerful nations produce increasingly destructive weapons, they make the world less stable, less safe, and less humane. Wars in Ukraine, Gaza, Yemen, Kashmir, and the South China Sea are not isolated tragedies—they are symptoms of a deeper sickness in a world where power, greed, and profit dictate global priorities. Civilians pay the ultimate price, as bombs flatten their homes, missiles kill their children, and entire generations grow up amid rubble and trauma. Every year, thousands of innocent men, women, and children are killed or maimed, not because they started wars, but because they are caught between powers competing for influence and dominance.
What makes this tragedy even more alarming is that the very powers manufacturing these weapons cannot escape the chaos they unleash. History has repeatedly shown that destruction spreads. A world destabilized by endless wars, fueled by weapons flowing across borders, eventually threatens the prosperity, security, and stability of the nations that created this vicious cycle. The illusion that they can remain islands of peace and prosperity while exporting destruction is fading. No society is immune to the blowback of perpetual conflict.
The rise of smaller players in the global arms trade further intensifies this dangerous dynamic. Countries like Turkey, once peripheral in weapons manufacturing, now have six firms ranked among the world’s top 100 arms producers, supplying drones, artillery, and combat vehicles used in conflicts stretching from Libya to the Caucasus. Israel, too, stands at the forefront of the military-industrial race, while increasingly volatile regions like the Middle East have become testing grounds for deadly technologies designed and exported by these so-called peacemakers.
The earth itself, a fragile blue dot in the vastness of the universe, sustains life only because of rare, delicate conditions that allow us to exist. Yet, in the race for military dominance and profit, humanity edges closer to undermining the very survival of this planet. Every year, advances in weapons technology push us further toward the precipice, while diplomacy and cooperation take a back seat to greed and power politics. If we continue down this path, the destruction these nations sow abroad will inevitably circle back, consuming the prosperity and security they seek to protect.
It does not have to be this way. The trillions spent on creating weapons of mass destruction could instead be invested in eliminating poverty, improving education, expanding healthcare, and combating climate change. Innovation and technology can uplift humanity rather than destroy it. But this requires leadership—true leadership—not the hypocrisy of nations that preach peace while building instruments of death. It requires recognizing that peace cannot be manufactured by fueling conflict, that real security lies not in amassing weapons, but in building trust, cooperation, and fairness among nations.
The nations that pride themselves on being the architects of a just and peaceful global order must confront the uncomfortable truth: as long as their economies depend on producing tools of destruction, genuine peace will remain out of reach. The business of war has made the world less safe, less fair, and less hopeful. And unless humanity takes a collective stand to break this cycle, we may find ourselves on a path from which there is no return.
This is the lesson history has taught us time and again, yet we forget it with dangerous consistency. If the powers that dominate today do not change course, they too will face the same destruction they unleash upon others. It is time to choose a different path—one that values life over profit, compassion over greed, and cooperation over conflict. The survival of humanity depends on our willingness to dismantle the engines of destruction we have built and embrace the possibility of creating a world where peace is more than a slogan; it is a reality.
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